| Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog (2017) | On 5th August 2017, named the new Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog |
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| Secretary General of FICCI | Served as Secretary General of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry from 2010 to 2012 |
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| Other Positions | - Director & Chief Executive of ICRIER
- Chief Economist of CII
- Positions held at ADB, Ministries of Industries and Finance
- Member Central Board of Directors, State Bank of India (2009-2011)
- Member of Government of India's National Security Advisory Board (2006-2008, and 2012-2015)
- Member of the Board of Directors of the SCCI as Ministry of Finance nominee (1993-94)
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| Other Directorships | - RBI Nominee Director of National Housing Bank
- Independent Director of Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited
- Part-Time Director at RBI
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| Other Roles | - Chancellor of Gokhale Institute of Economics and Politics
- Founding Director of Pahle India Foundation
- On boards of several international and national institutions
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| Other Contributions | - Member of Government of India’s National Security Advisory Board
- Senior Fellow at Centre for Policy Research
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| Authorship | Author of several books on the Indian economy and India's national security |
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| Chief Election Commissioner of India (2022-2025) | Served as the 25th Chief Election Commissioner from 15 May 2022 to 18 February 2025, overseeing 16th Presidential & Vice-Presidential Elections in 2022 and Legislative Assembly Elections across 11 states |
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| Election Commissioner | Joined the Election Commission of India as Election Commissioner on 1 September 2020 |
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| Chairman of Public Enterprises Selection Board | Served from April to August 2020 |
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| Finance Secretary | Served as Finance Secretary and Secretary of Department of Financial Services from September 2017 to February 2020, undertaking major banking, insurance, and pension reforms |
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| Establishment Officer | Served from March 2015 to June 2017 |
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| Director and Joint Secretary in Tribal Affairs Ministry | Served between 2001 and 2007, drafted the Scheduled Tribes (Reorganisation of Forests Rights) Bill, 2005 |
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| Key Achievements | - Instrumental in streamlining the National Pension System (NPS) extending benefits to about 18 lakh central government employees
- Initiated crackdown on shell companies and froze bank accounts of over three lakh such firms during finance ministry tenure
- Worked on Rs 2.11 lakh crore plan to recapitalise state-owned banks
- Trekked 18 km through inaccessible terrain to visit interior polling station in Dumak village, Chamoli, Uttarakhand as CEC
- Oversaw Legislative Assembly Elections across 11 states spanning over 3 lakh polling stations during CEC tenure
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| Senior Fellow at Centre for Policy Research | Currently serving as Senior Fellow at the Center For Policy Research, Delhi |
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| Chancellor of Gokhale Institute of Economics and Politics | Chancellor of the Gokhale Institute of Economics and Politics (A Deemed University, Pune) |
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| Director & Chief Executive of ICRIER | Served as Director & Chief Executive of the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations from 2006 to 2010 |
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| Chief Economist of CII | Served as Chief Economist of the Confederation of India Industries from 2004 to 2006 |
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| Asian Development Bank | Worked at the Asian Development Bank, Manila from 1995 to 2005 |
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| Ministry of Industries | Worked in the Ministry of Industries, Bureau of Costs and Prices from 1989 to 1991 |
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| Economic Adviser | Served as Economic Adviser in the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance from 1992 to 1995 |
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